Sources are added as they are consulted.
Achenbach, Joel. “U.S. Grant Was the Great Hero of the Civil War but Lost Favor with Historians.” The Washington Post, April 24, 2014.
Arena, Olivia. “UT history professor H.W. Brands presents his biography of Grant at the Texas Book Festival.” The Daily Texan, October 25, 2012. https://thedailytexan.com/2012/10/25/ut-history-professor-hw-brands-presents-his-biography-of-grant-at-the-texas/.
Baier, Bret. To Rescue the Republic: Ulysses S. Grant, the Fragile Union, and the Crisis of 1876. Custom House, 2021. Kindle.
Beard, Rick. “Grant’s Contraband Conundrum.” The New York Times, November 14, 2012. https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/14/grants-contraband-conundrum/.
Bonekemper III, Edward H. “The Butcher’s Bill.” HistoryNet.com, originally from April 2011 issue of Civil War Times. https://www.historynet.com/the-butchers-bill.htm (accessed January 28, 2022).
_____. Grant and Lee: Victorious American and Vanquished Virginian. Washington, D.C.: Regnery History, 2012.
_____. “Why Grant Won and Lee Lost.” The Cleveland Civil War Roundtable, 2008, excerpted from Grant and Lee: Victorious American and Vanquished Virginian (Greenwood Praeger, 2007). https://www.clevelandcivilwarroundtable.com/why-grant-won-and-lee-lost/.
Bouie, Jamelle. “The Unlikely Paths of Grant and Lee.” Slate. April 09, 2015. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2015/04/the-unlikely-paths-of-grant-and-lee.html.
Bowman, John S., ed. The Civil War Almanac. New York: World Almanac Publications, 1983.
Bradley, Mark L. The Army and Reconstruction, 1865-1877. Washington, D.C: Center of Military History, United States Army, 2015. https://permanent.fdlp.gov/gpo60344/cmhPub_75-18.pdf.
Brands, H.W. “Tales of Brave Ulysses.” Lapham’s Quarterly vol. 5, Issue 4 (October 2012). https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/politics/tales-brave-ulysses.
Brooks, Rebecca Beatrice. “Best Books About Ulysses S. Grant.” Civil War Saga. (Blog.) December 9, 2018. https://civilwarsaga.com/ulysses-s-grant-books.
Cashon, John P. “Paducah—Gateway to the Confederacy.” Essential Civil War Curriculum (Website.) August 18, 2018, https://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/paducah-gateway-to-the-confederacy.html.
Chernow, Ron. Grant. New York: Penguin Books, 2017. Kindle.
Daughtery, Greg. “President Ulysses S. Grant: Known for Scandals, Overlooked for Achievements.” History. (Website.) April 24, 2020. https://www.history.com/news/ulysses-s-grant-president-accomplishments-scandals-15th-amendment.
Douglass, Frederick. “The Race Problem.” In Great Speeches by Frederick Douglass, edited by James Daley, 88ff. United States: Dover Publications, Inc. 2013.
_____. U.S. Grant and the colored people.: His wise, just, practical, and effective friendship thoroughly vindicated by incontestable facts in his record from 1862 to 1872. : Words of truth and soberness! He who runs may read and understand!! Be not deceived, only truth can endure!!! Washington, D.C.: Union Republican Congressional Committee, 1872. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.69015000002895&view=1up&seq=1.
Equal Justice Initiative. “Reconstruction in America: Racial Violence after the Civil War, 1865-1876.” (Website.) 2000. https://eji.org/report/reconstruction-in-america/.
“The Experiment Podcast: Confronting the Legacy of Robert E. Lee.” The Experiment Podcast. Podcast transcript. The Atlantic. (Website.) March 4, 2021. https://www.theatlantic.com/podcasts/archive/2021/03/countering-the-lost-cause-narrative-the-experiment/618196/.
Foner, Eric. “Liberated and Unfree.” Review of Wars of Reconstruction, by Douglas R. Egerton. The New York Times, January 31, 2014. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/02/books/review/douglas-r-egertons-wars-of-reconstruction.html.
_____. “Reconstruction.” Encyclopedia Britannica, November 5, 2021. (Website.) https://www.britannica.com/event/Reconstruction-United-States-history.
Frost, Lawrence A. U.S. Grant Album. New York: Bonanza Books. 1966.
Garfield, James A. James A. Garfield Papers: Series 1, Diaries, -1881; Vols. 13-19, 1874, Jan.-1879, Sept. 1874. Manuscript/Mixed Material. https://www.loc.gov/item/mss219560002/.
Garland, Hamlin. Ulysses S. Grant; his life and character. New York: Macmillan, 1920. https://archive.org/stream/garlandsusgrant00hamlrich/garlandsusgrant00hamlrich_djvu.txt.
Gillette, William. Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869–1879. United Kingdom: LSU Press, 1982. https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/45jBEQvINEYC?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjc1bqw7cj1AhXhmHIEHSZ5B8oQre8FegQIGxAD.
Gopnick, Adam. “Pour One Out for Ulysses S. Grant.” The New Yorker. (Website.) September 25, 2017. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/10/02/pour-one-out-for-ulysses-s-grant.
Grant, Ulysses S. “Announcement of Fifteenth Amendment Ratification.” Speech, Washington DC, March 30, 1870. Miller Center. https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/march-30-1870-announcement-fifteenth-amendment-ratification.
_____. Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant. 2 Vols. New York: Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102138632?type%5B%5D=all&lookfor%5B%5D=personal%20memoirs&ft=ft. For an online, e-book version see: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4367/4367-h/4367-h.htm.
_____. Ulysses S.; Chaplin, Jeremiah, ed. Words of Our Hero, Ulysses S. Grant. Boston: D. Lothrop and Company, c. 1885. https://archive.org/details/wordsofourheroul00gran/page/n9/mode/2up.
“Grant’s War Strategy That Made 3 Confederate Armies Surrender.” History on the Net. Salem Media. https://www.historyonthenet.com/grants-war-strategy-that-made-3-confederate-armies-surrender.
Hamilton, Daniel W. “Still Too Close To Call? Rethinking Stampp’s ‘The Concept of a Perpetual Union.'” Scholarly Works 765 (2012). https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/765.
Jaynes, Gregory. The Killing Ground: Wilderness to Cold Harbor. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books Inc., 1986.
Kane, Sean. “Grant as a slaveholder.” American Civil War Museum. (Website blog.) November 21, 2017. https://acwm.org/blog/myths-misunderstandings-grant-slaveholder.
Korn, Jerry. War on the Mississippi: Grant’s Vicksburg Campaign. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books Inc., 1985.
Kumar, Priyanka. “How Native Americans battled a brutal land grab by an expanding America.” Review of The Earth is Weeping: The Epic Story of the Indian Wars for the American West, by Peter Cozzens. Washington Post, November 4, 2016.
Levinson, Sanford. “Perpetual Union, Free Love, and Secession: On the Limits to the Consent of the Governed.” Tulsa Law Review, vol. 39, iss. 3 (2013): 457–484. https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tlr/vol39/iss3/1.
Lindsay, Peter, and Christopher Heath Wellman. “Lincoln on Secession.” Social Theory & Practice 29, no. 1 (2003): 113-135. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1072&context=political_science_facpub.
Lyman, Theodore. With Grant and Meade from the Wilderness to Appomattox. Edited by George R. Agassiz. Original edition by Atlantic Monthly Press, Boston, 1922, entitled Meade’s headquarters, 1863–1865, letters of Colonel Theodore Lyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2001.05.0069.
Mackowski, Chris. “The Story Behind the Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant.” Essential Civil War Curriculum (Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech). August 2016. PDF. https://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/assets/files/pdf/ECWC%20TOPIC%20Grants%20Memoirs%20Essay.pdf.
McBride, Earnest. “The Battle of Milliken’s Bend – Black Troops Made the Real Difference.” The Jackson Advocate, 1996. Cited in Lest We Forget. (Website.) http://lestweforget.hamptonu.edu/page.cfm?uuid=9FEC3F93-EC44-5006-5B4FFBF627F409E2
The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant. Edited by John Y. Simon et al. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1967–2012. https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/usg-volumes/.
Parsons, Joshua R.H. “A Progressive’s Take on Ron Chernow’s ‘Grant’.” Erraticus. (Website.) July 24, 2019. https://erraticus.co/2019/07/24/grant-ron-chernow-progressive/.
Picone, Louis L. Grant’s Tomb: The Epic Death of Ulysses S. Grant and the Making of an American Pantheon. New York: Arcade Publishing, 2021. Kindle.
Quite, Ryan. Review of Grant Under Fire, by Joseph A. Rose. Emerging Civil War. (Website.) January 9, 2016. https://emergingcivilwar.com/2016/01/09/book-review-grant-under-fire-an-expose-of-generalship-character-in-the-american-civil-war/.
Richardson, Albert Deane., Fletcher, R. H.. A Personal History of Ulysses S. Grant: Illustrated by Thirty-two Engravings, Fac-similes of Letters from Grant, Lincoln, Sheridan, Buckner, Lee, Etc. ; and Six Maps. United States: American Publishing Company, 1885. https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Personal_History_of_Ulysses_S_Grant/O4N3AAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0.
Robertson, Alexander Farish. Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart, 1807–1891: A Biography. Richmond, Virginia: William Byrd Press, Inc., 1925. (PDF, Google Books.)
Rocca, Mo. “Ulysses S. Grant’s last battle.” CBS Sunday Morning. Segment article (webpage), February 17, 2013. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ulysses-s-grants-last-battle/.
Roosevelt, Theodore. “Grant.” In The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, Volume 12. 458–471. United States: C. Scribner’s sons, 1924.
Ross, Ishbel. The General’s Wife: The Life of Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1959. Internet Archives scan. https://archive.org/details/generalswifethel010870mbp/page/n5/mode/2up.
Sacco, Nicholas W. “Did Ulysses S. Grant Own Slaves During the Civil War?” Exploring the Past. (Blog.) January 24, 2021. https://pastexplore.wordpress.com/2021/01/24/anti-catholic-sentiment-in-president-ulysses-s-grants-1875-address-to-civil-war-veterans/.
_____. “‘I Never Was an Abolitionist’: Ulysses S. Grant and Slavery, 1854-1863.” The Journal of Civil War Era 9, no. 3 (2019): 410+. Gale Academic OneFile (accessed July 11, 2022). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A597859357/AONE?u=nysl_oweb&sid=googleScholar&xid=b6a3f47f.
_____. “Public Monuments and Ulysses Grant’s Contested Legacy.” The Journal of the Civil War Era, July 7, 2020. https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2020/07/public-monuments-and-ulysses-s-grants-contested-legacy/.
_____. “Was Ulysses S. Grant An Alcoholic? An Analysis of Claims Made by Ron Chernow.” Exploring the Past. (Blog.) November 7, 2018. https://pastexplore.wordpress.com/2018/11/07/was-ulysses-s-grant-an-alcoholic-an-analysis-of-claims-made-by-ron-chernow/.
Samet, Elizabeth D. “7 Reasons Ulysses S. Grant Was One of America’s Most Brilliant Military Leaders.” History.com, May 13, 2020. https://www.history.com/news/ulysses-s-grant-civil-war-general-strengths.
Sarna, Jonathan D. “The Redemption of Ulysses S. Grant,” ReformedJudism.org, accessed February 1, 2022. https://reformjudaism.org/redemption-ulysses-s-grant.
Scott, Janny. “A Bull Market for Grant, A Bear Market for Lee; History’s Judgment of the 2 Civil War Generals Is Changing.” The New York Times, September 30, 2000. https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/30/arts/bull-market-for-grant-bear-market-for-lee-history-s-judgment-2-civil-war.html; (in print version, B:9).
Shrader, Charles R. “Organization for Logistics in the Civil War.” In United States Army Logistics 1775–1992: An Anthology, ed. by Charles R. Shrader, 191–216. Washington D.C.: Center of Military History, 1997. https://history.army.mil/html/books/068/68-1/cmhPub_68-1.pdf.
Sheppard, Thomas. Review of American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant, by Ronald C. White. The Strategy Bridge. (Website.) May 29, 2017. https://thestrategybridge.org/the-bridge/2017/5/29/american-ulysses-and-the-rehabilitation-of-an-american-hero.
Simpson, Brooks D. Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph Over Adversity, 1822–1865, (Military Classics). Zenith Press, 2014. Kindle.
Simon, John Y. “An Illinois Soldier at Vicksburg.” Manuscripts, XIX, 3 (Summer 1967), 23-31. Cited in Lisec, Aaron, “There We Lay Shot Down Like Dogs: Second Vicksburg Assault, May 22, 1863,” Raiders of the Lost Archives. (Website.) Accessed May 20, 2022, https://scrc1.wordpress.com/2013/05/22/there-we-lay-shot-down-like-dogs-second-vicksburg-assault-may-22-1863/.
Stampp, Kenneth M. “The Concept of a Perpetual Union,” in The Imperiled Union; Essays on the Background of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.
Stickney, Jim. “How Did Grant Succeed.” HistoryNet.com, December 9, 2015. https://www.historynet.com/how-did-grant-succeed.htm.
Trimm, Steve. General Grant’s Supporting Players. Friends of The Ulysses S. Grant Cottage, 2019.
Wani, Mehrussisa. “8 Key Laws That Advanced Civil Rights.” History.com, January 26, 2022. https://www.history.com/news/civil-rights-legislation.
Wilentz, Sean. “The Return of Ulysses.” The New Republic, January 25, 2010. https://newrepublic.com/article/72699/the-return-ulyses-s-grant.
West, Stephen. “Frederick Douglass and Ulysses S. Grant on Reconciliation and Its Pitfalls.” Bill Moyers. (Website.) January 28, 2021. https://billmoyers.com/story/frederick-douglass-and-ulysses-s-grant-on-reconciliation-and-its-pitfalls.
White, Ronald C. American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant. New York: Random House Publishing Group, 2016. Kindle.
White, William. “Walt Whitman to U. S. Grant: An Unknown Exchange.” Prairie Schooner 34, no. 2 (1960): 120–22. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40625629.
Whitman, Walt. Specimen Days in America. United Kingdom: W. Scott, 1887. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Specimen_Days_in_America/bcIgAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1.
Wikipedia, s.v. “Theodore Lyman III,” last modified December 15, 2021, at 20:51, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Lyman_III.
“William Jones.” National Park Service. (Website.) Accessed October 26, 2021. https://www.nps.gov/people/william-jones.htm.
Wilke, Paul D. “Why Grant Was Better Than Lee.” Steel Snowflake. (Blog.) April 2020. https://www.steelsnowflake.org/post/grant-vs-lee.
Will, George. “Chernow’s ‘Grant’ Offers Measured Judgment of the Past.” The News-Star, November 8, 2017. https://www.thenewsstar.com/story/opinion/columnists/2017/11/08/chernows-grant-offers-measured-judgment-past/835765001/.
Wolbach, David. “The ‘Camp & Field Articles’ by Cpl. Theodore David Wolbach.” 16th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. (Website.) http://www.mkwe.com/ohio/pages/H015-00.htm. (Accessed May 18, 2022).
Wolf, Simon. The Presidents I Have Known from 1860-1918. United States: Press of B.S. Adams, 1918.
Wolverton, Joe. “Grant a Better General Than Lee? No,. Abbeville Institute. (Blog.) April 14, 2020. https://www.abbevilleinstitute.org/grant-a-better-general-than-lee-no/.
Image: President Grant at his cottage by the sea, Gustavus W. Pach (1845–1904), c. 1872 (New York : G. W. Pach, Photo), print on card mount, mount 9 x 18 cm (stereograph format), Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2017660517/. Summary: “Photograph shows President Ulysses S. Grant on vacation, seated on porch with his wife, Julia, and son, Jesse, in Long Branch, New Jersey.” Handwritten note on verso: “Pres. Grant, wife, & child. No. 72.”